PRELIMINARY DRAFT — This page is under development. Questions and response formats are subject to change. Feedback welcome.
The Unjournal · Pivotal Questions Initiative

Cultivated Meat Pivotal Questions

State your beliefs on cost trajectories, commercial viability, and animal welfare implications of cultivated meat.

Note: These questions are preliminary formulations. We are refining the operationalization and response formats. Your input will help improve them.

These are key operationalized questions from our Cultivated Meat Pivotal Questions project. We want to elicit expert and stakeholder beliefs—before, during, and after reviewing the TEA evidence—to see how views evolve and where consensus exists or doesn't. (All questions are optional.)

📋 Full question specifications: For more detail, context, and the complete set of operationalized questions, see the canonical PQ formulations on Coda →

You don't need to be a specialist to contribute. We want your honest assessment and reasoning, whether you feel highly confident or very uncertain. Your input helps us understand the range of views in the field.

🔮 Forecasting: Several questions are live on our Metaculus forecasting page. This project connects to The Unjournal's Animal Welfare Forecasting Tournament in collaboration with Metaculus. If you forecast on Metaculus, please share your username below so we can link your contributions.

How to respond

Shared Definitions

Average Production Cost (AC) = (Annualized capital charge + all operating costs) ÷ annual kilograms of edible cultured-meat output
  • Capital charge: From total capital investment (TCI) amortized over the plant life from a new firm that would enter this market, adjusted for market risk
  • Operating costs include: Macronutrient & micronutrient media, utilities, consumables, labor, maintenance, and plant overhead
Does not include: R&D amortisation or clinical/regulatory approval costs (sunk costs), distribution, retail markups, downstream product formulation (making "nuggets" etc.), marketing, packaging, branding, corporate overhead, taxes, duties, or profits.

Why average production cost? Standard economic theory predicts that under specific 'best-case' conditions, firms will operate at the minimum point of their average total cost curves and prices will converge to this level. This represents the lowest possible sustainable price in a free market.

Cultured-chicken meat: Chicken-imitating products. We consider the weight of these products before any mixture with plant products.

Why chicken? Among the cultured meat products discussed, chicken has the highest stakes for animal welfare (assuming 'like substitutes for like'). However, forecasters could base estimates on bovine or generic-mammal TEAs and explain their conversion method.

Why "before mixture"? Animal cells may be mixed with plant-based inputs to reduce costs. We want evaluators to focus on the cost of the most expensive and innovative part of production.

Large-scale plants: Plants producing more than 2 kt/yr (2,000 metric tons per year). We exclude smaller experimental/R&D facilities.

Value units: Inflation-adjusted (CPI) 2025 US dollars.

Target years:

  • Very-short-run: End of 2026
  • Short-run: December 31, 2031
  • Medium-run: December 31, 2036
  • Longer-run: December 31, 2051

Why these years? These are the years Rethink Priorities chose for their forecasting work, allowing us to harmonize and compare estimates. 2051 represents a "30-year terminal horizon" when production would have more or less achieved an efficient optimum.

When we ask for a probability, we're asking for your best calibrated subjective probability—your honest credence given everything you know.

One way to think about this: Imagine an ideal research team with unlimited resources, time, and data—perhaps even a kind of omniscience where they could perfectly understand the welfare and psychological states of everyone affected. What probability would you assign that this idealized team would ultimately conclude the statement is true?

Note: We avoid anchoring to "0% = impossible" and "100% = certain" because perfect certainty is rarely justified. If you believe something is extremely unlikely but not literally impossible, you might say 2-5%; if nearly certain but not absolutely, perhaps 95-98%.

CM_01 · Focal Question · Production Cost

What will be the average production cost (per edible kg) of cultured chicken meat in 2031, 2036, and 2051, across all large-scale plants in the world?

See definitions above for Average Production Cost, cultured-chicken meat, and large-scale plants. Costs in 2025 USD.

This is the central question for assessing CM's commercial viability and animal welfare potential. Your estimates directly inform whether CM funding makes sense relative to alternatives.

  • Optimistic TEAs: Pasitka et al. (2024) claims ~$6.2/lb ($13.7/kg) is achievable with continuous production and animal-free medium.
  • Pessimistic TEAs: Humbird (2020) concluded cost parity is "highly unlikely" given biological and engineering constraints.
  • Current conventional chicken: ~$2-4/kg wholesale in the US.
  • Rethink Priorities (2022): Forecasted limited production through 2050 under most scenarios.
CM_02 · Goal-Oriented · AW Investment Value

Is cultivated meat development a good investment from an animal welfare perspective?

What is the expected-value (and probability distribution) of the impact on animal welfare from funding CM development? Consider marginal funding, very high funding levels, or impact relative to the best alternative interventions.

This connects the cost trajectory question to the actual funding decision animal welfare organizations face.

CM_10/11 · Metaculus · CM vs Campaigns

Will the animal welfare benefit of donating $100,000 in 2026 to fund CM development exceed the benefit of donating the same amount to The Humane League's corporate campaigns?

Measured by your preferred "welfare-footprint-like metric." This question compares CM funding to a well-established, measurable intervention.

This is the practical funding decision many animal welfare organizations face. See this question on Metaculus →

  • THL corporate campaigns have documented track records: cage-free commitments, broiler welfare pledges, etc.
  • CM development benefits are speculative and depend on: cost trajectory, consumer acceptance, regulatory approval, substitution rates.
  • Consider both expected value and variance/risk profiles.
  • The comparison may differ by time horizon (short-term vs long-term impact).
30%
CM_12 · Hydrolysates

Will most cultured meat (by volume) be produced using hydrolysates as a replacement for expensive purified growth factors in 2036?

CM_13 · Growth Factor Costs

What will be the average cost of recombinant growth factors per gram (of input) in commercial cultured meat production in 2036?

CM_14 · Cell Media Costs

What will be the cost of cell media per kg of cultured meat in 2036?

CM_16 · Bioreactor Cell Density

What will be the highest cell density of cultivated meat produced in a 20,000 liter bioreactor by 2036?

CM_17 · Food-grade vs Pharmaceutical

By 2036, what percent of commercial cultured meat will be produced using food-grade cell media (as opposed to pharmaceutical-grade)?

80%
CM_20 · Custom Bioreactors

What share of cultured meat companies (those with capex over $10 million) will design and build their own bioreactors by 2036?

Some reports suggest companies can design and build their own bioreactors for much lower cost than purchasing off-the-shelf pharmaceutical bioreactors.

40%
CM_04 · Metaculus · Chicken Slaughter

How many chickens will be slaughtered for meat globally in 2032 and 2052?

Reference: 70.77 billion chickens were slaughtered globally in 2020 (Our World in Data). See this question on Metaculus →

About You

Your responses are stored securely and will be used to inform the synthesis report.

Questions adapted from the Cultivated Meat PQ formulations (codes: CM_01–CM_20). PRELIMINARY DRAFT — Last updated: February 2026.